Saint Bernard Dog Breed Information and Characteristics

The Saint Bernard is one of the most recognizable large dog breeds in the world. Known as a gentle giant, this dog has a long history tied to rescue work, loyalty, and calm companionship. This guide is written to help you decide if the Saint Bernard dog truly fits your home. You will learn about its origins, appearance, temperament, and why this breed is both deeply affectionate and demanding.

Quick Facts at a Glance

This section gives you a fast, clear overview—helpful if you are comparing other breeds or deciding whether to continue reading.

• Breed name: Saint Bernard (St Bernard)

• Origin: Switzerland, Swiss Alps

• Breed group: Working group (AKC)

• Size: Giant / Large dog breed

• Height: About 26–30 inches at the shoulder

• Weight: Often 120–180 pounds

• Life expectancy: Around 8–10 years (shorter than smaller dogs)

• Temperament: Calm, gentle, patient, affectionate

• Coat types: Shorthaired and longhaired

• Shedding: Heavy, seasonal

• Drooling: High

• Exercise needs: Moderate

• Good with children: Yes, with supervision

According to the American Kennel Club, Saint Bernards are known for being friendly and devoted family members, but their size alone requires serious consideration. Giant breeds cost more to feed, train, and care for over their lifetime.

History and Origin

The story of the Saint Bernard begins over a thousand years ago, around the eleventh century, in the snowy mountain region between Switzerland and Italy. This area included the Great Saint Bernard Pass and Little Saint Bernard Pass, both dangerous routes due to severe winters, snowstorms, and avalanches.

Monks at a mountain hospice—often called black monks—kept strong dogs to help locate travelers lost in the snow. These dogs, sometimes called valley dogs, were early ancestors of today’s Saint Bernard. They were likely descended from alpine mastiffs, possibly brought by Roman armies centuries earlier.

The dogs became famous for rescue work, especially stories of the legendary Barry dogs, including one named Barry who reportedly saved many lives. While some tales were later exaggerated, historical records confirm that these dogs assisted monks, carried supplies, and helped locate people during life-threatening conditions.

The breed later spread to England, France, and eventually America, where it was formally recognized by kennel clubs. In the US, the Saint Bernard Club of America now helps preserve the breed standard and promote ethical breeding.

What a Saint Bernard Dog Looks Like

A Saint Bernard is impossible to miss. This is a big, powerful dog with a strong body built for cold climates and long periods of work in snow. Adult males are usually larger than females, but both are clearly part of the giant breed category.

Body and Head

• Large, broad head with expressive eyes

• Strong neck and deep chest

• Thick bones and sturdy legs

• Long tail that can easily clear a coffee table

Because of their size, Saint Bernards need extra space indoors. In many US homes, tight hallways and slippery floors can cause problems, especially as the dog ages.

Coat Types and Colors

There are two coat types:

• Shorthaired: Dense, smooth, and easier to maintain

• Longhaired: Softer, longer hair that needs more brushing

Common colors include white with red, brown, or brindle markings. Facial masks are typical and part of the breed’s classic look.

Regular grooming is essential. From experience, owners who skip brushing often deal with matting, heavy shedding, and skin issues. A slicker brush and metal comb work best.

Saint Bernard Dog Temperament

The Saint Bernard is famous for its gentle and calm temperament. Despite their size, these dogs are not aggressive and are rarely sharp or nervous. They are known for being patient, affectionate, and deeply devoted to their family members.

With Family and Children

Saint Bernards are usually excellent with children. However, their size means supervision is critical. A friendly tail wag can knock over a small child without the dog meaning any harm. From a training standpoint, early obedience training helps manage this.

With Strangers and Other Dogs

This breed is typically friendly toward strangers but may be reserved at first. They are alert but not excessive barkers. With proper socialization, they do well with other dogs and pets.

Training and Intelligence

Saint Bernards are intelligent but not fast-paced learners. They respond best to calm, consistent training and positive reinforcement. Puppy training classes are strongly recommended, especially because correcting behavior in a 150-pound adult dog is far harder than guiding a puppy.

According to the AKC, early training and socialization are key to raising a well-adjusted Saint Bernard.

Common Health Issues in Saint Bernard Dog

Because the Saint Bernard is a large breed, it is more likely to face certain health concerns than smaller dogs. Understanding these risks early helps pet parents make better decisions and may extend the dog’s life expectancy.

Bloat (Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus)

Bloat is a life-threatening condition where the stomach fills with gas and twists. Saint Bernards are among the breeds most predisposed to this emergency. Signs include a swollen belly, pacing, drooling, and failed attempts to vomit. Immediate veterinary care is critical. According to Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine, bloat can become fatal within hours if untreated.

Hip Dysplasia

Hip dysplasia is common in large breeds. It causes pain, limping, and arthritis over time. Responsible breeders perform health tests through organizations like OFA to reduce risk.

Other Health Concerns

• Osteosarcoma (bone cancer)

• Heart disease

• Heat intolerance due to thick coats

Regular vet visits, proper nutrition, and weight control help reduce these risks.

Saint Bernard Dog Daily Care

Daily care for a Saint Bernard dog goes beyond feeding and walking. These dogs need structure, grooming, and home adjustments.

Feeding and Nutrition

Saint Bernards eat a lot, but overfeeding is dangerous, especially for puppies. Fast growth can harm joints. Many vets recommend large-breed puppy formulas and scheduled meals rather than free feeding.

Grooming Needs

• Brush 2–3 times per week using a slicker brush and metal comb

• Expect heavy shedding, especially in spring and fall

• An occasional bath is enough; over-bathing dries the skin

• Regular nail trimming prevents joint strain

Drool Management

Drooling is part of life with a Saint Bernard. Experienced owners keep towels near water bowls and wipe the dog’s mouth after drinking.

Home Setup

Non-slip rugs, strong collars, and raised bowls make daily life safer and easier for both dog and owner.

Saint Bernard Dog Exercise Needs

Despite their history as rescue dogs in the Swiss Alps, Saint Bernards are not high-energy dogs today. They need moderate, controlled exercise.

Daily Activity

• 30–60 minutes of light activity per day

• Calm walks, backyard time, and gentle play

• Avoid intense running or jumping, especially for puppies

Heat Safety

Saint Bernards struggle in warm climates and at sea level during summer. Walk early in the morning or late evening, and always provide shade and water.

Mental Exercise

Basic obedience training, puzzle toys, and calm interaction keep the dog mentally engaged without stressing joints.

Costs

Owning a Saint Bernard in the US is a serious financial commitment.

Upfront Costs

• Saint Bernard puppies: often $1,500–$3,000 from responsible breeders

• Adoption from rescues: usually lower

• Giant crate, XL dog bed, grooming tools, collars

FunnyFuzzy's XL Dog Bed

Ongoing Costs

• High food bills due to size

• Vet care is more expensive (larger doses, higher surgery costs)

• Training and grooming supplies

According to pet cost studies, large dogs cost significantly more per year than smaller dogs. Emergency costs for bloat surgery can be very high, which is why pet insurance is often recommended.

Finding a Responsible Breeder or Rescue

Choosing the right breeder or rescue protects both you and the dog.

Responsible Breeders

A good breeder:

• Shows proof of health tests

• Follows the breed standard

• Belongs to recognized clubs like the Saint Bernard Club of America

• Will take the dog back if needed

The American Kennel Club provides guidance on finding ethical breeders.

Rescue Dogs

Many adult Saint Bernards are available through rescue dogs organizations. These dogs are often calmer and already trained, making them great for families.

Is a Saint Bernard Dog Right for You?

A Saint Bernard can be a wonderful companion—but only for the right home.

Good Fit If You:

• Have space indoors

• Can handle drool and shedding

• Want a calm, affectionate dog

• Can afford large-breed care

Not Ideal If You:

• Live in a very hot climate without strong AC

• Want a low-maintenance dog

• Travel often

• Have limited space

From experience, families who plan ahead enjoy this breed the most.

FAQs

Is a Saint Bernard a good family dog?

Yes. Saint Bernards are gentle, patient, and affectionate with family members and children, but supervision is important due to their size.

Are Saint Bernards lazy or active?

They are calm rather than lazy. They enjoy daily walks but do not need intense exercise.

How much do Saint Bernard dogs cost?

Expect $1,500–$3,000 from breeders, plus higher yearly costs for food, vet care, and supplies.

Are Saint Bernard guard dogs?

They are alert and protective but not aggressive. They rely more on size and presence than barking.

Conclusion

The Saint Bernard is a breed with deep roots in history, rescue work, and companionship. From the snowy Saint Bernard Pass to modern American homes, these dogs have always served humans with loyalty and calm strength.